Tikrit Journal of Veterinary Sciences (TJVS) is an international and interdisciplinary scholarly open-access journal. It publishes original research articles, reviews, communications, and short notes that are relevant to any field of veterinary sciences, including prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in animals. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical research in as much detail as possible. Full experimental details and/or method of study must be provided for research articles. Articles submitted that involve subjecting animals to unnecessary pain or suffering will not be accepted, and all articles must be submitted with the necessary ethical approval (please refer to the Ethical Guidelines for more information). Manuscripts must be submitted in the English language irrespective of the native language of the author(s). All manuscripts are considered for review subject to the author(s)’ written undertaking that they have not been and will not be published elsewhere in anyway, and that there are no ethical concerns with the contents of the manuscripts or data collection. The author(s) warrant that the information submitted is not redundant and respects general guidelines of ethics in publishing. All manuscripts are peer-reviewed before publication by at least two referees, who are known scholars in their fields worldwide. TJVS doesn't reveal the identities of the reviewers to the author(s).
Macroscopic and Histopathological Evaluation of Bioactive Glass–Acacia Gum Composite for Repairing Critical Radial Bone Defects in Rabbits
This study assessed the regenerative potential of a bioactive glass–acacia gum composite for repairing critical-sized radial bone defects in rabbits. Under general anaesthesia, a 10mm segmental defect was created in the distal radius. Over 12 weeks macroscopical examination showed proper implant integration in the treated group, with no signs of infection or rejection, while control animals exhibited persistent fibrous tissue and non-union. Histopathologically, the treated group showed early hyaline cartilage and trabecular bone formation with continued ossification and reduced inflammation due to the acacia gum additive which minimized inflammatory response and controlled bioactive glass degradation. In contrast the control group does not heal spontaneously and remains filled with fibrous connective tissue. These results demonstrate that the BG–acacia composite reflecting both osteoconductive and anti-inflammatory properties of the implant and supports reliable bone regeneration and may serve as a promising implant in critical defect repair.
Acacia Gum, Bioactive Glass, Bone Defects, Rabbits, Tissue Engineering
Copyright (c) 2026 Tikrit Journal of Veterinary Science
A Comparative Anatomical Study of the Female Reproductive System in Local Chickens at Different Ages (2, 4, and 6 Months)
This study was conducted at the Animal House, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tikrit. A total of 45 laying hens were used and divided into three groups, each consisting of 15 hens at different ages (2 months, 4 months, and 6 months). The birds were raised under controlled conditions until they reached the target ages. Subsequently, the hens were humanely sacrificed, and the reproductive organs were collected, photographed, and examined to assess anatomical differences. The study aimed to perform a comparative anatomical evaluation of the female reproductive system in laying hens at various developmental stages. The findings revealed distinct morphological changes, particularly in the ovaries and oviducts. At 6 months of age, significant development in ovarian structure and size was observed compared to the earlier ages (2 and 4 months), corresponding with the onset of sexual maturity and the hens' ability to produce eggs. Additionally, the oviduct showed notable elongation and differentiation of its segments at 6 months, reflecting its full functional development for egg formation and transport.
Local chicken, Female Reproductive System, Ovary, Oviduct, Uterus
The Evaluation of Prospis Farcta Fruit Nanoparticle to Conventional Sulfasalazine in The Treatment of Chemically Induced Colitis in Male Rats: A Comparative Study
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) lacks ideal treatments due to adverse effects of conventional drugs like sulfasalazine. Nano technology and plant-based therapies offers targeted drug delivery system, which might reducing side effects and dosing frequency. Prosopis farcta, a medicinal plant with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, shows a hope for IBD therapy. This study evaluated the effects of zinc oxide nanoparticles (Zinc-O-NP) synthesized from P. farcta fruit extract in a rat model of colitis, compared to sulfasalazine. This study aimed at evaluation the efficacy of Zinc Oxide nanoparticle of watery extract of PP.F. fruit, in compared to sulfasalazine in the treatment of chemically induced colitis in rats. 69 male rats were divided in a random way to 6 groups, includes: positive control group (chemically induced colitis), negative control (placebo), and treatment groups which were treated after inducing colitis, and the treatment groups were treated as follow: with watery extract of PP.F., Zinc-O-NP. of Prosopis farcta fruit, with combination of sulfasalazine and Zinc-O-NP. for watery extract of Prosopis farcta fruit and a group with sulfasalazine along. The therapeutic effects were assessed based on clinical signs, histopathological findings, and serum levels for (GSH, CAT and SOD). Results showed that Zinc-O-NP for watery extract of P. farcta significantly reduced inflammation and oxidative stress, outperforming sulfasalazine. The combination of nanoparticles with sulfasalazine further enhanced therapeutic effects. These findings suggest a potential safer and more effective approach to IBD treatment. The study showed the potential effect of Zinc-O-NP. of Prosopis farcta fruit in combination with sulfasalazine as promising therapeutic approach for IBD, offering enhanced efficacy and safety in compared to conventional treatments. Further research is needed to prove these findings and explore their clinical application in human IBD. Keywords: IBD, induced colitis, Zinc oxide-NP. of PP.F.
IBD, Induced colitis, Zinc Oxide nanoparticle For Prosopis farcta Fruit
The effect of extracted exopigments of pseudomonas aeroginosa on different microorganisms : an invetro study
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is gram-negative Bacteria are among the most important pathogenic agents in both human and veterinary medicine, responsible for a wide range of diseases affecting humans and animals. These include wound and burn infections, eye and skin infections, urinary tract infections, otitis media, septicemia, and infections of bones and joints. Otitis media, in particular, is a frequently encountered condition in domestic animals such as cats and dogs. In order to isolate and identify Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains capable of producing pyocyanin and to assess their antibiotic resistance, a total of 120 ear swabs were obtained from domestic cats clinically diagnosed with otitis media. These samples were collected from cats presented to private veterinary clinics in Tikrit City from December 2024 to march 2025, using sterile cotton swabs.The isolated P. aeruginosa strains showed a high capability to produce the extracellular pigment pyocyanin, and they exhibited resistance to a wide range of antibiotics compared to Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, and Escherichia coli, which were found to be sensitive to antibiotics. In contrast, the isolated P. aeruginosa strains were resistant to antifungal agents, unlike Candida albicans, which was sensitive to the antifungal drug.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Bacterial pigments, Pyocyanin
Motor and sensory assessment of Sciatic Nerve Function Following Surgical Excision of induced fibrosis in a rabbit model
The current study was conducted to evaluate the surgical removal of iatrogenic sciatic nerve fibrosis that occurs after intramuscular injection with diclofenac sodium. A total of 20 healthy local- breed male rabbits were randomly divided into two equal groups (n=10). All rabbits underwent general anesthesia, followed by surgical exploration of the sciatic nerve in the left hind limb and injection of (1.5mg/kg) diclofenac sodium (2.5%) intraneurally to elicit an experimental iatrogenic sciatic nerve injury. All of the experimental animals was left for 14-day post operation and was divided into two groups, control groups were left without treatment, dissection group group underwent surgery to open the site of the induction surgery and removing the fibrosis from and around the sciatic nerve. For the clinical assessments, motor and sensory functions were evaluated weekly from the first week post operation until the end of the 84-day study period. Motor and sensory evaluations revealed statistically significant differences between the control group and dissection group on all of the clinical evaluation periods, the postoperative period confirmed an earlier clinical improvement in the treatment group in the knuckling sign and gait of the experimental animals with a better recovery muscle contraction force, the sensory evaluation revealed an earlier recovery and return of sensation in the dissection group when compared with the control group.
Sciatic nerve, Surgical excision, Diclofenac sodium, Rabbit
Protective Effect of Resveratrol on Isoproterenol-Induced Myocardial Damage in Male Rats
This study evaluated the cardioprotective effects of resveratrol against isoproterenol-induced myocardial infarction in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Forty rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, resveratrol-treated, isoproterenol-treated, and a combined treatment group. Resveratrol was administered orally at 20 mg/kg/day, while isoproterenol was given intraperitoneally at 100 mg/kg. The results revealed that isoproterenol significantly increased serum levels of oxidative stress markers (MDA), inflammatory cytokine (TNF-α), triglycerides, cholesterol, and cardiac enzymes (CK-MB, cTnI, LDH), while reducing total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC) (P ≤ 0.05). esveratrol treatment significantly mitigated these alterations, restoring antioxidant levels and reducing lipid and enzyme elevations. The combination treatment group showed intermediate values, indicating a partial protective effect. In conclusion, resveratrol demonstrates promising cardioprotective properties through its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and lipid-lowering actions, suggesting its potential as a preventive agent against oxidative and inflammatory cardiac damage.
Resveratrol; Isoproterenol; Oxidative stress, Inflammation; cardiac enzymes
Phytogenic Feed Additives in Ruminant Nutrition: Rumen Modulation, Performance, and Sustainability – A Review
In order to satisfy consumer demands for natural and sustainable products, the livestock industry must adapt to stricter laws governing the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP). Phytogenic feed additives (PFAs) have drawn a lot of interest in this context as a substitute to enhance ruminant performance. Essential oils, polyphenols, saponins, tannins, and other plant-derived substances are all included in the large class of compounds known as PFAs. These substances include a wide variety of bioactive compounds that have intricate and multifaceted effects on the performance and health of ruminants. An overview of the state of knowledge regarding the application of PFAs in ruminant production is given in this review. It encapsulates their primary modes of action, which include host metabolism, digestive enzyme activity, and rumen microbiota modulation. The review specifically addresses PFAs' ability to alter rumen fermentation in a way that enhances volatile fatty acid (VFA) production, lowers ammonia concentration, and—above all—decreases enteric methane production. Examined are the ensuing impacts on productive performance. Because of their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant qualities, which can lessen stress and increase resistance to disease, PFAs may also contribute to the advancement of animal welfare. The study also discusses some of the drawbacks of using PFAs, including response variability based on the plant source, extraction technique, dosage, and diet. This emphasizes how production and use of PFAs require standardization and quality control. This review paper concludes by summarizing the body of research on PFAs' use in ruminant production, including information on their mode of action, performance effects, possible health advantages, and environmental effects. Designing more sustainable and effective ruminant production systems that satisfy consumer demands and legal requirements is possible with the knowledge provided in this paper.
Phytogenic feed additives – Rumen microbiota – Rumen fermentation – Methane mitigation – Ruminant productivity.
Detection of virulence factors among Pseudomonas aeruginosa isolated from cats with otitis
The Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the causative agent of otitis in cats. This study aimed to detect the role of some virulence genes of P.aeruginosa strains in the pathogenicity of otitis in cats, especially; oprL, ToxA, ExoS, lasB, and algD. The results showed high repetitions to some of these genes such as lasB which is present in (100%) of isolates, and algD which is present in (63%) of isolates, that reflect its important role in the progressive of disease. This study improve the importance of early detection of the virulence genes to control the veterinary treatment strategies effectively and decrease the chance of developing the antibiotic resistance by the bacteria
Pseudomonas aeruginosa, virulence factors, virulence genes, oprL, ToxA, exoS, lasB, algD.
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of watery extracts of Wormwood and Coriander powder on some productive performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at the Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Me
The objective of this study was to examine the effect of watery extracts of Wormwood and Coriander powder on some productive performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) at the Department of Veterinary Public Health, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tikrit University, Iraq, between December 18, 2023, and January 17, 2024. One-day-old Japanese quail chicks (n=160, weighing 7 grams) were randomly assigned to four treatment groups, with a replication of 10 birds per group. The treatments included: T1 (Control Group): Plain drinking water. T2: 15 ml of Wormwood powder extract/liter of drinking water. T3: 15 ml of Coriander powder extract/liter of drinking water. T4: A combination of Wormwood powder extract + Coriander powder extracts of 7.5 ml of Wormwood + 7.5ml of Coriander powder extract/liter of drinking water. Chickens were kept under typically management conditions and provided with nutritional balanced diet accorded to NRC 1994 guidelines. The parameters of productive evaluation in present study included body weight, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio (FCR) and weight gain. The collected data were tested by used complete randomly design (CRD), and comparatives mean by Duncan multiple range tests in significant levels of P≤0.05. The results indicated that treatments T3 and T4 led to increase growth, body weight, and feed consumption during 5 and 6 weeks, while no reported significant changes in FCR. The extracts of Coriander and Wormwood, whether used together or separately, can act as natural growth enhance to improving growth performance in quail production. Present safer and more responsible alternatives to convention antibiotics.
Coriander, Extract, Productivity, Quail, Wormwood
Pharmacological Interaction Between Alpha-Lipoic Acid and Propofol-Induced General Anesthesia in Rats Model
Alpha-lipoic acid (ALA) is an endogenous antioxidant that is involved in the metabolism of energy inside the mitochondria, working as a cofactor of the enzyme-catalyzed reaction. It has strong free radical scavenging activity, which reduces all oxidative stress. The experimental study carried out the careful assessment of alpha-lipoic in adult male rats (n=29). The proposed study was undertaken to evaluate the effects of alpha-lipoic acid on Propofol-induced general anesthesia in rats. The median effective dose (ED50) of alpha-lipoic acid was 45.43 mg/kg upon the intraperitoneal injection method via the up-and-down method. The paper further examined the effects of three doses of alpha-lipoic acid (30 , 60 and 120 mg/kg of 6 rats / group) on the onset, duration, and recovery periods of Propofol-induced anesthesia. The results indicated that the onset time with recovery periods was significantly reduced and the duration of anesthesia prolonged with a dose-dependent effect compared to that of the control group (p < 0.05). These statistics suggest that ALA can potentiate the effects of propofol and might have clinical implications in terms of improving the quality of anesthesia and recovery processes.
Alpha-lipoic acid, ED50, Anesthesia, Propofol
Histological and Structural Development of the Liver of Rats from the Embryonic Stage to Adulthood
This study was conducted in the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine/Tikrit University. The study included (24) white rats and 4 male rats used for mating purposes only. They were divided into four equal groups, each group containing 6 samples of the liver of white rats (embryonic stage, one day old after birth, 7 days old after birth and adulthood stage). The study of the liver using the microscope showed that there was a gradual growth between the embryonic liver and the mature liver at the level of liver cells, blood sinuses, bile ducts, and liver lobes. The embryonic liver had simple squamous endothelium of the central vein, scattered hepatocytes, and hepatocyte aggregates of hematopoietic cell types, such as lymphocytes, red blood cells, and at times megakaryocytes. The hepatocyte packing associated with eosinophilic cytoplasm and lipid droplets, dilated sinusoids containing hematopoietic cells, white blood cell infiltration in the peripheral connective tissue. Seven days after birth, columns of hepatocytes were formed, branches of the portal vein and bile ducts were seen with the infiltration of white blood cells, and the isolated foci of hematopoietic cells and primitive bile ductules were identified. Polygonal hepatocytes in the adult liver were radially organized around the central vein, and a well-integrated sinusoidal network was present, which harbored Kupffer cells, and this indicated structural and functional maturity. These data demonstrate the process of hepatic maturation of embryonic hematopoiesis into postnatal differentiation and vascular maturation, which leads to a functional structure with parenchymal architecture.
Embryonic liver structure, neonatal liver structure, adult liver structure, histological development of the liver, structural development of the liver
Histological Changes Associated with Exposure to Lead Acetate and Evaluation of the Therapeutic Role of Berbin Extract in Female Albino Rats and Their Fetuses
The current study aims to investigate the effect of lead acetate on pregnant female rats and their fetuses, as well as the protective role of the aqueous extract of the albino plant against lead exposure. This experiment was conducted in the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine at Tikrit University. Thirty female albino rats, weighing between 180-200 grams and three months old, were placed in plastic cages and paired with males of the same strain. They were then randomly divided into three groups, each consisting of five pregnant females. The first group served as the control. The second group was treated with lead acetate from days 10 to 19 of pregnancy. The third group received lead acetate during days 10 to 19 of pregnancy and also received the aqueous extract of the albino plant throughout the pregnancy. The daily oral dose of lead acetate50 mg/kg and the berberine extract was 200 mg/kg. Histological examination of the control group’s liver showed hepatocyte rows and a network of blood sinusoids containing Kupffer cells. In the kidneys, the capsular space and Bowman's capsule were nearly normal, as were the convoluted tubules. In the second group, hepatocytes experienced atrophy and dilatation of the blood sinusoids containing Kupffer cells. The kidneys of this group showed leukocyte infiltration, congestion with fibroblast proliferation, thickening of the capillary walls, and irregular tubule sizes. In the liver of the third group, the central vein exhibited blood hyperemia and leukocyte infiltration. This group showed limited atrophy, slight dilatation of the capsular space, limited epithelial cell sloughing, and near-normal convoluted tubules.
Lead acetate. Aqueous extract of berberine. Female albino rats and their fetuses. Liver. Kidney.
Morphological and histological structure of the cerebellum of turkey at the different levels of age (comparative study)
This study aimed to investigate the structural development of the brain and cerebellum in local turkeys from hatchling (1 day) to adulthood (2 months, 3-7 months, and adult age). Following euthanasia, the skulls were dissected to extract the cerebellum, which were then rinsed and preserved in 10% neutral buffered formalin for histological analysis. The morphology revealed two cerebellum lobes, Histological examination identified three layers in the cerebellar cortex across all age stages. In the first month, delicate meninges and a few glial cells accompanied small to medium-sized neurons and numerous blood capillaries. As the turkeys aged, there was a notable increase in glial cells and larger, with more developed meninges. Additionally, cavitation’s around neurons and nerve bundles were observed, particularly at one year of age. The cerebellum comprised two layers: an outer cortex with a pial meningeal membrane, consisting of a molecular layer with small nerve cells and glial cells, and a Purkinje layer that increased in size with age. The internal granular layer was broad, filled with small nerve cells and glial cells. Overall, the study concluded that the brain and cerebellum of turkeys exhibit well-developed nerve and glial cell layers, similar to those found in mammals, reflecting significant structural changes as they mature.
Morphology, Histology, Turkey, cerebellum, Development
Histological Study of the Chicken Retina and Associated Ocular Structures
Comparative ocular and histological studies is the high degree of development of the anatomical elements and superior visual acuity make the avian eye (particularly, the domestic hens) an ideal model to study. This study aimed to study the retina and other ocular structures of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) in histological point of view. Twenty samples of the eyeballs were taken out of healthy hens of approximately 40 days old and the weight range was 1.5-2.0 kg. The samples were processed like any other normal biological material, whereby they were placed in 10 percent neutral buffered formalin, dehydrated, and embedded like any other normal histological material. The overall architecture of the tissues in the sections was observed regarding hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. At low and high magnification microscopic examination revealed the typical multilayered structure of the avian retina. Besides the five layers of cornea, other eye body tissues were discovered and documented including sclera (dense collagen fiber), scleral supportive cartilage, skeletal muscle bundles within sclera and the adjacent vascularized pigmented choroid to the retina. This research increases our understanding of the anatomy of chicken eye tissues and provides a foundation with which comparative and veterinary research on chicken eyes can build on
Chicken Retina, Photoreceptors, Histology, Choroid, Cornea, Sclera, Avian Vision
Impact of Alcoholic Cabbage Extract on T3, T4 & TSH Hormones Levels and Histological Architecture of the Thyroid Gland in Adult Male Rats
The present study sought to investigate the effects of alcoholic white cabbage extract on the thyroid gland by analyzing its morphological and functional status in experimental rats. The adult rats at the age of three months were obtained from the Animal House of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Tikrit University in one month (9/9/2024 to 2024/10/9). Twelve mature male albino rats (weighing between 250 and 300 g) were randomly assigned to three equal groups. Each group included four rats. The first group (G1) served as the control group, the second group (G2) was given cabbage extract at a dose of (100 mg per kg of body weight orally) three days a week for a month, and the third group (G3) received the same dose daily orally for a month. The study found no significant increase (p≤0.05) in serum TSH concentrations in group (G2). However, group (G3) rats showed a significant increase compared to the control group (G1). Blood concentrations of T3 and T4 significantly decreased (at p≤0.05) in groups (G2) and (G3) compared to the (G1) group. Histological data for the groups (G2 and G3) show a detectable alteration. Follicle size revealed aberrant, non-homogeneous colloid with a lack of vacuoles, vacuolar degeneration in follicular cells, loss of follicular cells in certain follicles, and follicles of various sizes packed with colloid and enclosed by columnar to flat epithelium. Group (G3) had enlarged or dilated follicles, no peripheral vacuoles, scalloped colloid in some follicles with flattened epithelium, degraded follicular epithelial cells, and bleeding. According to the study, cabbage extract administration causes significant histological changes in albino rats' thyroid glands, such as vacuolar degeneration, collagen fiber deposition, sloughing of follicular cells, scalloping of colloid, flat epithelium, and reduced serum concentrations of T3 and T4, potentially leading to an increase in TSH levels in the blood.
Alcoholic Cabbage Extract, Thyroid Hormones, Glandular Architecture, Male Rats
Copyright (c) 2025 Tikrit Journal of Veterinary Science
Anatomical Description of Liver and intrahepatic Distribution of Hepatic vein and Hepatic portal vein in pigeon (Columbia domestica(
This study was carried out to determine the anatomical characteristics of the pigeon liver and the anatomical description of the location of the hepatic portal vein and hepatic vein within the liver, which is to enhance research, whether it be for academic study. The current research was conducted on 12 pigeons of both sexes. The birds were divided into two groups, each one containing six birds. The bird was anesthetized and slaughtered. The two groups were injected with the liquid latex, where the first group was injected into the caudal vena cava, and the second group was injected with latex into the hepatic portal vein. According to the findings of the liver's anatomical analysis, the pigeon's liver is composed of both right and left lobes, is situated in the thoraco-abdominal cavity, and has a red-brown in color. The right vein, transverse portion (the connecting part between the right and left portal vein), and left vein comprised the hepatic portal vein. The hepatic vein is composed of four branches (right, left, middle and umbilical). with slight differences in the number of intrahepatic vein tributaries and the distribution pattern between male and female pigeons.
Anatomy, Liver, Pigeon, Hepatic vein and Portal vein
The preventive role of lactoferrin on some immune variables in rats experimentally infected with E. coli leading to amelioration the infection
Male albino rats were used in this study and were obtained and bred in the animal house of the College of Veterinary Medicine, Tikrit University. A total of thirty two animals were used in the experiment and divided into two groups, each containing 16 animals. The first group received 100 mg/kg of lactoferrin orally. The second group (the control group) was given only water. Then, the animals were given 0.5 ml of E.coli bacterial suspension containing 4×106 CFU/ml . This dose was determined by the LD50 test.Blood was drawn from the eye socket on days (3, 6, 12, 24) from the start of the experiment and placed in special tubes to conduct the tests required in the research, which are, IgG, CD8, IL-1β, TNF-α,The tests were performed using ELISA technology. The highest CD8 value on day 24 for animals in the control group was given only E.coli. Interleukin 1 β showed the highest value on days 3 and 6 for the lactoferrin group given bacteria. IgG showed the highest value on day 24 for the lactoferrin group given bacteria. Finally, TNF- α showed the highest value on day 3 for the lactoferrin group given bacteria. Lactoferrin influences immune variables and bacterial resistance.
Detection of Hemolytic Activity of Brucella melitensis Antigens Loaded in Nanocarriers
The hemolytic potential of NPs has been the subject of numerous studies as a critical indicator of their safety in vaccine applications. In this study, the elemental compositions of Brucella melitensis Antigens (BMAs) loaded in Ca, Phosphate/ Chitosan nanocomposite created by encapsulation method. In addition, size, and surface topography were characterized by UV-VIS spectrophotometers, Energy Dispersive X-ray (EDS/EDX), and Atomic Force Microscopy (AFM) techniques. Furthermore, the cytotoxicity of Brucella melitensis antigens loaded in calcium phosphate/chitosan nanoparticles was determined by measuring the hemoglobin released from rabbit erythrocytes using a spectrophotometer at 545 nm. The results showed that λ max of BMAs, Ca, P/CsNPs were present at 1.987 at the wavelength 232 nm which differed from the absorbance values of CaP/Cs NPs and Brucella melitensis Antigens samples respectively. The main components of BMAs, Ca, P/CsNPs were C, O, and sodium, with 22.2%, 46.1%, and 20.7 % respectively and the secondary components were Ca and P with 4.4% and 1.3 % respectively. Additionally, other elements confirmed the presence of Brucella melitensis antigens in. nanocomposite. The average particle size was 30.15 nm and a total height of 107.4 nm. Additionally, the hemolysis index of BMAs, Ca, P/Cs NPs was not detectable against rabbit RBCs. We can conclude that the unique properties of CaP/CsNPs enabled the carry of Brucella melitensis antigens and were nontoxic for RBCs, suggesting potential candidates for vaccine applications against Brucella melitensis.
Brucella melitensis Antigens, Ca, P/Cs NPs, hemolysis assays, hemolysis index
Role of pumpkin seed extract in improving the apoptotic pathways of hepatocytes in STZ-induced diabetic rats
In diabetic rats given an experimental treatment, the impact of alcoholic pumpkin seed extract (Cucurbita pepo L.) on hepatocellular mortality and inflammation was studied. One intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ; 40 mg/kg) caused diabetes in male rats, followed by a dose of pumpkin seed extract (200 mg/kg), for three months, given every other day. TNF-α levels in diabetic rats treated with pumpkin seed extract improved to normal. Pumpkin seed extract also prevented arise in p53, Bax, caspases-3, 8, and 9, lessened hepatic damage of DNA, and slowed the rise in TNF-α levels. It also regulated apoptosis by increasing the production of Bcl-2 protein. Based on current research, pumpkin seeds may shield the liver from necrosis, apoptosis, inflammation, and DNA damage by enhancing the redox state, inhibiting p53 and caspases, and raising Bcl-2 protein. As a result of enhancing apoptotic signals, pumpkin seeds have a great deal of therapeutic promise for managing diabetes and its adverse effects on the liver.
Diabetes, Pumpkin, Apoptosis, Oxidative stress, STZ
Clinical and some biocemical study of gastrointestinal helminths infestation in dogs in Tikrit city
The present study aimed to diagnose the types gastrointestinal helminths in dogs in Tikrit city, with recording the clinical signs and some biochemical changes that the animals suffered from due to this infection. The study included 150 samples of dogs feces and blood were collected (140 dogs suspected and 10 healthy dogs were considered as a control group After checking it), The study conducted from February/2024 to October /2024, the animals from both sexes, in ages (>6 months) from different areas of Tikrit city. The study revealed a significant increased (P<0.05) in respiratory and heart rate in infected dogs compared with control group, and observation of a number of clinical signs, which differed according to the types of worms and the severity of the infection. The most prominent of these signs suffered by infected dogs was emaciation and general weakness, in percentages of (72.9%), depression (52.9%), pale mucus membrane (42.4%), dry coat (38..8%), easy hair detached (32.9%), diarrhea 20 (25.9%), dehydration (21.2%), Jaundice (11.8%), couphin (10.6%), bloody diarrhea (8.2%), melena (7.1%) and abdominal distention (5.9%). The results of different caprological test showed 85 dogs, at a rate of 60.7%, were infected with gastrointestinal worms. included multiple genus of worms, represented by by Taenia spp. in numbers and percentages of 65(65%), Diplidium spp. 36(42%), Toxocara spp. 35 (41.2%), Ehinococcus spp. 32(37.6%), Ancylostoma spp. 22(25.9%), Trichuris spp. 20 (23.5%), Capillaria spp. 18(21.2%), Strongyloides spp. 14(16.5%), Diphyllobothrium spp. 13(15.3%), Toxascaris spp. 10(11.8%), Spirocerca spp. 10(11.8%), Paragonimus spp. 8(9.4%), Dicrocoelium dendriticum 6(7.1%) and showed the lowest infection rate with worms of the genus Hymenolepis spp. 3(3.5%) The results of biochemical parameters, where a significant decrease was observed in the concentration rates of Fe, Vit. B12, total protein, albumin and SOD, while showed a significant increase in the rates of MAD in infected dogs when compared with the control group. It was concluded from the current study that dogs were infected gasrointestinal worms, which negatively affected on Animal health status and biochemical parameter in the body.
clinical signs, Biochemical changes, gastrointestinal helminthis, dogs
Comparative Evaluation of Anticoagulant Effects of Curcumin and Ginger Against Warfarin in Rat Models
The rising demand for oral anticoagulants necessitates the investigation of novel alternatives, particularly in light of the limitations associated with Warfarin. Curcumin, the primary bioactive constituent of turmeric, exhibits significant anticoagulant properties, as evidenced by empirical studies indicating its ability to prolong clotting times and reduce thrombin activity, thereby presenting a potential breakthrough in thrombotic disorder management.underscoring the importance of this spice for enhanced quality of life. Material and method :The investigation involved 48 rats categorized into eight groups, with six rats allocated per group. The first group control, the second group cohort received warfarin, the third with turmeric, the fourth with ginger, the fifth with warfarin and curcumin , the sixth with warfarin with ginger , the seventh with curucmin and ginger, and the eighth a combination of warfarin, turmeric, and ginger, to assess the anticoagulant and antiplatelet properties of ginger and curcumin in vivo, employing rat blood samples for comparative analysis against warfarin through various assays including Fibrinogen, Vitamin K, Fibrinogen Degradation Product, Prothrombin time, INR, APTT, bleeding time. Results :Findings revealed that the inclusion of turmeric and ginger enhances the efficacy of warfarin in lowering vitamin K levels while simultaneously prolonging prothrombin time, bleeding time, INR, and clotting duration. The research indicated that turmeric specifically influences fibrinolysis, whereas ginger affects thrombin time. Additionally, the study demonstrated that turmeric and ginger contribute to increased hemoglobin levels. Conclusion: drawn from the research suggests that turmeric and ginger may serve as viable alternatives to warfarin when its adverse effects are unmanageable. The primary objective was to assess the anticoagulant effectiveness of turmeric and ginger in comparison to warfarin.
Anticoagulant, Zingiber officinale, Curcuma longa, Warfarin
Evaluation of the role of melatonin for protect testicular tissues from harmful effects of diclofenac in rat male
The aim of the current study is to evaluate the effect of melatonin as an protect testicular tissues after the harmful effects of diclofenac. Thirteen rats were used in this study, which lasted for month. Divided into 6 groups, each group contain 5 rats. The control group G1 (vehicle treated) received normal saline (0.1 ml/day). The Second group G2 (5 rats) treated with Diclofenac. (0.7 mg/Kg/B.W), The Third group G3 (5 rats) was treated with Melatonin. (0.07 mg/Kg/B.W), The Fourth group G4 (5rats) was treated with Diclofenac.(1.4 mg/Kg/B.W),The fifth group G5(5 rats) was treated with Melatonin + Diclofenac.(0.7 mg/Kg/B.W +0.07 mg/Kg/B.W),and The sixth group G6 (5 rats) was treated with Melatonin + Diclofenac. (1.4 mg/Kg/B.W +0.07 mg/Kg/B.W). The results indicate that diclofenac sodium induces significant reproductive dysfunction in male rats, characterized by degeneration of spermatogenic cells and Leydig cells. Melatonin administration appears to mitigate some of these adverse effects, particularly at the lower dose of diclofenac (0.7 mg/Kg/B.W), suggesting its potential as a protective agent against diclofenac-induced reproductive toxicity. Further studies are warranted to explore the mechanisms underlying these protective effects and to optimize treatment protocols. In conclusion, the reproductive toxicity effects of DF these effects on testicular tissues could be attenuated by treatment with melatonin.
Melatonin, Diclofenac, Testis tissues, Rat's male
Assessment of Copper Deficiency and effected on Some haematological and biochemical in Lambs in Salah Al-Din City
Copper (Cu) is an essential trace element in ruminant nutrition, playing a crucial role in enzymatic functions, hematopoiesis, and connective tissue synthesis. Copper deficiency in sheep can be primary (due to low dietary intake) or secondary (resulting from antagonistic interactions with minerals such as iron, molybdenum, and sulfur), leading to impaired copper metabolism. This study was conducted in different areas of Salah al-Din city (Tikrit - Al-Alam - Samarra - Baiji) during the period from June 2 to October 15, 2024. (100) lambs were obtained, fifty of which were a control group, fifty subclinical lambs suffering from copper insufficiency, and the clinical group suffering from copper deficiency. from different areas of Salah al-Din city. The ages of the animals ranged from one month to two years and their weights ranged between (4-50) kgThe results showed a significant decrease in hemoglobin levels6.15±3.207 B , red blood cell count2.71±1.887 C , and ceruloplasmin activity 6.60±4.180 C , along with an increase in leukocyte counts8.20±2.201 B, indicating immune dysfunction. Additionally, This study highlights the importance of maintaining proper mineral balance in sheep nutrition to prevent copper deficiency-related health issues and enhance productivity.
Copper, Copper Deficiency, Sheep, Metabolism, Blood Analysis
Investigation the effect of isotretinoin on some level hormones in female rats
The aim of the study Investigation the effect of isotretinoin on serum LH,FSH, Prolactin and AMH level hormones in female rats The current study Contain 20 rats, each group containing five rats. The first group was the control group given normal saline daily by oral, while the second group was given the drug 15 mg/kg isotretinoin (Pinar et al.,2020) and the third group was given 30 mg/kg isotretinoin. The fourth group was given 30 mg/kg isotretinoin and omega-3 400mg\kg. after 30 days of treatment serum levels of luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH), prolactin, and total and anti- Muller hormone were measured and compared. After treatment, mean serum LH,FSH,and AMH levels significantly decreased in G2 and G4, but prolactin serum levels increase. While in G4 There was a slight improvement in hormone LH,FSH,and AMH levels.
Isotretinoin, reproductive system female rat, level hormones
Histometric comparative study of the Harderian gland between newly hatching and two month old turkey bird
Twenty healthy turkey bird of both sexes at two ages (1week, 2months) were used in the current study. They were selected from local farm in Iraq. The Harder gland were consisted of one lobe located in the medioposterior part and ventrally aspect of the orbit behind the eye ball and surrounded by the ocular muscles. It was oval shape , pink to red in color, with rough surface , it was compound tubuloacinar gland. Many ducts were drained in to central collecting duct of the wide irregular lumen. Thin connective tissue capsule of mesothelium covered the gland completely, this capsule were sent trabecula which dividing the gland into a lot of lobules. The gland lined with columnar cells epithelia different in heights, with basally located dark nucleus and light stained cytoplasm which contained secretary vacuoles. The secretary unites were incompletely surrounded by myoepithelial cells, the dark elongated Myoepithelial cells were clearly noticed.
harderian gland, collecting duct, turkey bird, secretory units
Evaluation of Antioxidant Effect of Phytosome ginger in Male rats with Diabetes Induced by Alloxan
This study aims to evaluate the antioxidant effect in rats with Alloxan-induced diabetes. A total of 30 rats weighing 200-250g were separated to six groups, the primary group provided as the, control group, the following group as the untreated diabetic group, the third group was preserved with ginger, fourth group with ginger phytosome, the fifth group with a combination ginger and Glibenclamide, and the sixth group with ginger phytosome and Glibenclamide. Diabetes was induced in rat through intraperitoneal injection at a dosage of Alloxan (100 mg/kg) of animal mass. results demonstrated that rats with diabetic induced by alloxan exhibited an important reduction (p < 0.001) in antioxidant enzymes compared to the control collection, However, treatment with ginger phytosome caused a highly important improvement (p < 0.001) in antioxidant activity. Objective of this study, Evaluating the antioxidant effect of ginger and its phytosome in Alloxan-induced diabetic rats
ginger, Glibenclamide, diabetics, enzyme, phytosome
Histomorphological descriptive study of the Iraqi wild rabbit spleen
This study aimed to describe the anatomical and histological parameters in the spleen of the wild rabbits. Ten healthy adult wild rabbits were included. The spleen was collected and prepared for histological and morphological studies. The spleen of wild rabbit is dark red color and locate in abdominal cavity beneath the diaphragm. The histological study showed that the wild rabbit spleen has thick capsule, covered the white and red pulps.
Wild rabbit ,Red pulp, Capsule ,Diaphragm
The Role of Baobab in Controlling Oxidative Stress on induced diabetic Male Albino Rats
This study has been conducted in order to examine the effects of baobab on oxidative stress in a diabetic model. Including seven groups, involved 10 albino rat for each group the first group is the control group that no treatment and positive group diabetic group which treated with alloxan was used to induce diabetes in the experimental group 100 mg/kg. Blood samples were taken to confirm diabetes, and after stabilization, the experimental group was distributed into subgroups. Different treatments, including baobab crude 500mg/kg , metformin 100 mg/kg, and combination(baobab 500 mg/kg + metformine 100 mg/kg) , were administered orally until day 30 . Kidney and liver samples isolated collected for histological analysis. Statistical analysis using ANOVA and tests was be performed, and the results was presented as mean ± SEM Baobab effectively reduced malondialdehyde MDA levels and increased total antioxidant status TAOS, indicating its potential as an antioxidant in managing oxidative stress associated with diabetes. Histological examination showed changing in liver tissue structure. Baobab has promising potential as a natural option for decrease the oxidative stress and preventing complications in diabetes. In conclusion, Baobab, has antioxidant properties and has shown promise in managing oxidative stress In the context of rat diabetes, the application of baobab has demonstrated effective reductions in MDA levels, concurrent increases in TAOS, and notable enhancements in liver tissue structure. The utilization of baobab's crude plant form emerges as a potential natural strategy to bolster overall health and preempt complications linked to diabetes. However, it is imperative to underscore that a more comprehensive investigation is required to gain a thorough grasp of its therapeutic capabilities.
Baobab, antioxidant properties, oxidative stress, diabetes mallitus
Effect of adding E. globulus (Myrtaceae) on growth, immunological and biochemical parameters in Cyprinus carpio L.
The present study was aimed to evaluate the efficiency of E. globulus on growth performance on Common carp. For this purpose, 100 fingerlings of Cyprinus carpio weight ranged between 65.18 -65.36 g were randomly distributed into five treatment groups. Fish were fed with different E. globulus concentrations: 0.25% (T2), 0.5% (T3), 0.65% (T4) and 1% (T5). The first group (T1) was serve as control group without any addition of E. globulus . After 28 days of feeding, blood samples were collected for determination of hematological and biochemical parameters. The feed trail results indicate that treatment groups supplemented with E. globulus had significantly greater growth rates, hematological and biochemical parameters (P≤0.05) as compared to the control group. The highest values were observed in the T4 supplement with 1.5 percent E. globulus. Our findings indicate that the food supplement of E. globulus enhanced the hematological, biochemical, and growth rate parameters of C. carpio. This shows that the carp are using this feeding supplement.
Immunohistochemical of Glycoprotein Cluster of Differentiation 44 (CD44) Expression in Breast Cancer
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequently diagnosed cancer in women worldwide, and it is ranked as second in terms of cancer related death in women. The aim of this study several stem markers have been described for the various histological subtypes of breast cancer, stem cells (CSCs) of breast cancer have been found to strongly express adhesion molecule glycoprotein cluster of differentiation 44 (CD44). CD44 is expressed in the membrane of the cells, so it differs from the other studied markers which were cytoplasmic expressed markers. Negative expression scored (0) were observed in 15 out of 31samples (48.3%), while score (+) found in 5 out of 31samples (16.12%), score (++) found in 2 out of 31samples (6.4%)and score (+++) found in 9 out of 31samples.
CD44s; Breast cancer; Immunohistochemical staining