Tikrit Journal of Veterinary Sciences (TJVS) is an international and interdisciplinary scholarly open-access journal. It publishes original research articles, reviews, communications, and short notes that are relevant to any field of veterinary sciences, including prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of disease, disorder, and injury in animals. There is no restriction on the length of the papers. Our aim is to encourage scientists to publish their experimental and theoretical research in as much detail as possible. Full experimental details and/or method of study must be provided for research articles. Articles submitted that involve subjecting animals to unnecessary pain or suffering will not be accepted, and all articles must be submitted with the necessary ethical approval (please refer to the Ethical Guidelines for more information). Manuscripts must be submitted in the English language irrespective of the native language of the author(s). All manuscripts are considered for review subject to the author(s)’ written undertaking that they have not been and will not be published elsewhere in anyway, and that there are no ethical concerns with the contents of the manuscripts or data collection. The author(s) warrant that the information submitted is not redundant and respects general guidelines of ethics in publishing. All manuscripts are peer-reviewed before publication by at least two referees, who are known scholars in their fields worldwide. TJVS doesn't reveal the identities of the reviewers to the author(s).
Histological and Anatomical Manifestations of the Effect of Chlorpyrifos Toxicity on Placenta and Fetuses of Albino Rats
Background and Objective:Chlorpyrifos is one of the most widely used organophosphate pesticides worldwide and has been linked to harmful effects on reproductive health, however, its integrated histological and morphological effects on the placenta and fetuses of albino rats during pregnancy remain poorly understood, creating a research gap that necessitates further study. Methods: To address this gap, pregnant albino female rats were treated with a specific dose of Chlorpyrifos for 10, 15, and 20 days. Placental tissues were histologically examined using Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&E) staining, while fetuses underwent detailed external morphological examination compared to a control group. Results: revealed progressive histological deterioration in the placenta proportional to exposure duration. At ten days, cellular degeneration, vascular congestion, and inflammatory infiltration were observed. At fifteen day these escalated to vascular sclerosis, hemorrhage, and ischemia. By twenty day, Giant Trophoblast Cells appeared alongside extensive degeneration in the Labyrinth zone. In contrast, no visible morphological abnormalities were recorded in -fetuses across all groups, although their absence does not exclude underlying damage at the histological and molecular levels. Conclusions: These findings confirm that Chlorpyrifos poses a real histological risk to the placental-fetal unit; and necessitate stricter monitoring of pregnant women's exposure and reassessment of its use policies in agricultural and domestic environments.
Chlorpyrifos, Placenta, Fetuses, Developmental Toxicity, Histolopathology.
Mies Abdulnasser Abdulrazzaq Al-Samarraie
Copyright (c) 2026 Tikrit Journal of Veterinary Science
Pseudomonus aeruginosa as a trigger factor inducing activation of immune cells gene signaling
Background: Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a Gram-negative bacilli and an opportunistic pathogen capable of invading the host to cause severe, acute, and chronic infections, particularly in immunocompromised patients. Understanding the host immune response (both innate and adaptive) and elucidating the role of inflammatory biomarkers induced by this bacterium present a major challenge, yet represent a critical step toward overcoming therapeutic difficulties. Methodology: In this study, cell culture techniques were utilized to investigate the immune response directed against Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Immune cells were isolated from the bone marrow of experimental mice. The cell cultures were subsequently divided into two primary groups: the control group (naïve, unactivated cells) and the experimental/disease group (cells challenged and stimulated with bacterial cells). Following incubation, total RNA was extracted and reverse-transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) to evaluate the relative gene expression levels of inflammatory biomarkers via quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Results: The findings demonstrated that the stimulation of bone marrow-derived immune cells by Pseudomonas aeruginosa induced a statistically significant and robust upregulation in the gene expression levels of inflammatory biomarkers. Compared to the unstimulated control group, the gene expression of tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) increased by ge 20-fold, nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) by ge 15-fold, and interleukin-2 (IL-2) by ge 40-fold. Additionally, the results revealed a strong correlative relationship among these three biomarkers in driving inflammatory pathways. Conclusions: This study concludes that Pseudomonas aeruginosa exerts a potent stimulatory effect on activating intracellular inflammatory signaling pathways within bone marrow-derived immune cells. Based on these data and the established correlation among the investigated biomarkers, the study recommends further comprehensive research to delineate the precise underlying mechanisms. Utilizing these biomarkers as promising therapeutic targets could facilitate the development of novel medical strategies to combat Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections.
Gene expression, Immune cells , bacterial activation , cell culture.
Cardiopulmonary and Thermoregulatory Profile of Xylazine-Ketamine Anesthesia Following Preemptive Administration of Nefopam or Tramadol in Himalayan tom cats
Background & aim: This study compared the intra-operative cardiopulmonary and thermoregulatory effects of a xylazine-ketamine anesthetic protocol preceded by preemptive Nefopam or tramadol administration in male Himalayan cats. Materials and Methods: 24 adult male Himalayan cats were allocated into three groups (n=8): control (xylazine-ketamine alone), tramadol (4 mg/kg preemptive), and Nefopam (2 mg/kg preemptive). Heart rate, systolic/diastolic blood pressure (non-invasively via oscillometry), respiratory rate, peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), and rectal temperature were recorded at 10-minute intervals. Unintubated cats breathed room air spontaneously; anesthetic depth was assessed via pedal withdrawal and palpebral reflexes. No rescue analgesics were administered postoperatively, as preemptive dosing provided sufficient residual analgesia during early recovery, confirmed by stable parameters. Results: Preemptive analgesia produced distinct cardiopulmonary profiles. The tramadol group developed pronounced bradycardia, with heart rates falling to subnormal levels after 70 minutes. Conversely, the Nefopam group maintained a stable but subnormal heart rate, accompanied by significant hypertension and elevated systolic pressure at multiple time points (P < 0.05). The control group showed initial tachycardia with a gradual decline. Nefopam preserved respiratory rates better than tramadol, though both treatment groups experienced transient SpO2 reductions versus controls, and significant hypothermia developed by 50 minutes (Nefopam) and 60 minutes (tramadol). Conclusions: Preemptive Nefopam or tramadol combined with xylazine-ketamine produced predictable yet divergent physiological responses in male Himalayan cats. Clinicians should anticipate tramadol-associated bradycardia/hypothermia and Nefopam-associated systemic hypertension when selecting preemptive analgesics, guiding intra-operative monitoring in feline anesthesia.
Preemptive analgesia, Feline anesthesia, Cardiopulmonary monitoring, Nefopam, Tramadol, Thermoregulation.
Histological Study of the Adrenal Gland Development of the Local Rabbit from One Month to One Year of Age
Background and Objective: Two distinct kinds of signaling molecules are found in each of the two embryonic tissues that make up the adrenal gland. One is the steroid hormone-producing outer cortex, which is mesenchymal in origin. The neuroectoderm-derived medulla, which secretes catecholamines, is the other. Therefore, the current study aimed to track the development of the adrenal gland of local rabbits from one month after birth until one year of age using histological studies. Methods: Using histological studies, the development of the adrenal gland of local rabbits was tracked from one month after birth until one year of age. Results: The results showed that after one month, the adrenal gland is surrounded by a fibrous capsule composed of elastic yellow-fibers. Spherical epithelial cell clusters, each composed of 6-8 cells with spherical nuclei, form the glomerular zone. Beneath this zone, larger cells with pale cytoplasm and smaller spherical nuclei are found together in the glomerular zone, where they form the fascicular zone. On the other hand, the medulla of the gland contained all the cytoplasmic chromophore cells of the basophilic type, surrounded by large chromophore cells with acidic cytoplasmic pigmentation, with clear cell boundaries. After three months, the Endocrine cells then divide into bundles or columns of pale pigment, extending toward the medulla of the gland. The reticular zone is classified as a zone containing a number of endocrine cells in a reticular pattern adjacent to the medulla of the gland. The medulla of the adrenal gland in rabbits contained chromaffin aggregates around the central vein with a wide lumen. After six months, in addition to the presence of clusters of endocrine cells in the form of an arc, forming the arc band. These cells, at their bases, are continuous with the columns of fascicle cells, composed of two rows of adjacent cells, columns in the form of bands, and the presence of nuclei closely packed together. Conclusions: The histological development of the adrenal gland of local rabbits was tracked from one month after birth until one year of age, demonstrating progressive structural organization of both the cortex and medulla.
Adrenal structure, embryonic tissues, glomerular zone, steroid hormones.
Screening and Strain Improvement of Protease-Producing Bacillus spp. From Various Environmental Samples with Kinetic Characterization
Background and Objective: Proteolytic enzymes account for about 60% of total enzyme sales worldwide, making them of major industrial importance. This study aimed to isolate, screen, and enhance protease-producing Bacillus spp. from four environmental sources. Methods: Twenty-one proteolytic isolates were obtained in primary screening from various food sources, the maximum of which (8 isolates) was obtained from the spoiled pulses. Bacillus spp was determined as the most active isolate (casein hydrolysis zone measuring 17 mm) by gram staining, biochemical tests and Vitek 2 BCL card (more than 90 % confidence level). Strain improvement applied: UV irradiation (15 min); chemical mutagens (acridine orange, ethidium bromide (25 – 100µg/ml)). The production of enzymes was carried out at SMB at a temperature of 37°C for 72 h (150 rpm) and the amount of protein was determined by the Folin-Lowry method. The enzyme was partially purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation (80% sat.) & its kinetic parameters determined. Results: UV mutagenesis produced a significantly greater increase in protease production, giving a 38 mm clearance zone compared with the chemical mutagens tested. Maximum enzyme activity after partial purification was 121.03 µM/min. The optimum temperature and pH for enzyme activity were 30°C and pH 6, respectively, indicating a mesophilic acid protease. Conclusions: UV mutagenesis is an effective strategy for improving protease production in Bacillus spp., with promising applications in food processing and the dairy industry.
Bacillus spp., Protease, Mutagenesis, Ammonium sulfate, Purification
Serological Evaluation of Fowlpox virus in Turkeys (Meleagris gallopavo) by Using ELISA test in Tikrit city, Iraq
Background and Objective: Fowlpox is a viral disease of considerable health and economic importance that affects a wide range of domestic and wild birds and can lead to substantial production losses. Although the disease has been extensively investigated in chickens and pigeons, information regarding the serological status of fowlpox virus infection in turkeys remains limited, particularly in Iraq. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the serological status of fowlpox virus infection in turkeys in Tikrit, Iraq, using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) to detect anti-fowlpox virus antibodies. Methods: A total of 88 turkeys were included in this study and classified into three groups: clinically infected birds (G1), birds vaccinated with a commercial fowlpox vaccine (G2), and healthy unvaccinated birds serving as the control group (G3). Serum samples were collected from all birds and analyzed using an indirect ELISA to detect antibodies against fowlpox virus. Antibody responses were also evaluated according to age and sex. Results: The results showed high rates of antibody positives in both the infected group (80.56%) and the vaccinated group (87.5%). A trend toward higher immune response was observed in birds older than six months compared to younger birds, and only minor differences were observed between males and females Conclusions: This study provides baseline serological data on fowlpox virus infection in turkeys in Tikrit, Iraq. The findings demonstrate strong antibody responses in both naturally infected and vaccinated birds and highlight the value of routine serological monitoring for assessing infection status and vaccine-induced immunity, thereby supporting more effective surveillance and control programs for fowlpox in turkey flocks.
Fowlpox virus, ELISA, Turkey, Vaccination.
Mesh-Based Hernia Repair: Advances, Complications, and Future Perspectives
Background and Objective: More than six decades have passed since the first open hernia repair, and the hernia meshes are still fundamental in abdominal wall surgery. The open, laparoscopic, and robotic approaches all have unique advantages. The objective of this review is to discuss the current hernia repair procedures, surgical mesh selection, associated complications, and future trends in hernia mesh development. Methods: This review assesses surgical approaches and hernia mesh materials, focusing on mesh design and selection, tissue integration, foreign body reaction, and chronic functionality, which are directly impacted by material composition, porosity, textile architecture, and mechanics. Biological, absorbable, synthetic, and innovative mesh technologies were also considered. Results: Although surgical meshes significantly reduce recurrence rates as compared to traditional suture repair, important clinical complications, including infection, adhesion, seroma formation, chronic pain, and mesh migration, still exist. A mesh design and selection are key factors affecting the surgical outcome. Synthetic meshes are still popular due to their durability, ease of handling, and cost-effectiveness, while biological and absorbable options are suitable in contaminated environments and in high-risk patients. While these meshes have progressed, none have yet shown optimal performance across all clinical indications. Conclusion: Research in the future is directed towards development of biocompatible mesh, reduction of complications and enhancement of patient quality of life. Innovative approaches, such as nanofiber scaffolds, bioactive coatings and hybrid materials, have the potential to contribute to the realization of the “ideal” hernia mesh. Until then, a tailored surgical routine and ongoing advancements in mesh technology remain essential for achieving optimal hernial repair.
Hernia, mesh, hernioplasty, future Perspectives.
Gross histological review of the scleral cartilage found in catfish (Silurus triostegus)
Background and Objectives: Silurus triostegus is a native catfish of the Iraqi Tigris and Euphrates river basin. It has both ecological and economic importance. Although some studies have focused on its ecology and behavior, no extensive studies have shed light on its histology, especially the eye histology of Silurus triostegus. Scleral cartilage is such an element, found in the outer skeleton of many non-mammalian vertebrates. It provides structure and may serve another adaptive function in aquatic species. The aim of this study was to investigate the morphology and histology of the scleral cartilage in bottom-dwelling teleosts. Methods: 20 histological eye samples were collected and processed using standard paraffin embedding and hematoxylin and eosin staining techniques. Results: Histological examination showed a distinct layer of hyaline cartilage posterior to the choroid. The cartilage showed typical features, including lacunae containing single chondrocytes, a homogeneous ground substance, and collagen fiber bundles that continue into the sclera. The photoreceptor layer, pigmented choroid, and choroidal capillary were also well defined, representing a well-structured retina. Conclusion: These findings confirm the presence of scleral cartilage that provides support and rigidity to the ocular structure of Silurus triostegus, suggesting great adaptability in response to the surrounding environment.
Silurus triostegus, Catfish, Scleral cartilage, Teleost Histology, Morphological adaptation.
Effects of Omega-3 Supplementation on Renal Function in D-Galactose-Induced Aging Male Rabbits
Background and Objective: Aging is associated with progressive deterioration of renal function through glomerulosclerosis and tubular atrophy. Experimental administration of D-galactose accelerates the aging process by inducing oxidative stress and inflammatory responses, leading to renal dysfunction. The present study aimed to investigate the protective effects of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids against D-galactose-induced renal damage in adult male New Zealand White rabbits. Methods: Sixteen adult male New Zealand White rabbits were randomly divided into four experimental groups: control (T1), D-galactose-treated (T3B), concurrent treatment with D-galactose and omega-3 (T2), and delayed omega-3 treatment following D-galactose administration (T3A). The experimental period lasted 90 days. Serum samples were analyzed for advanced glycation end products (carboxymethyl lysine [CML] and pentosidine), oxidative stress markers (Malondialdehyde [MDA], protein carbonyl, superoxide dismutase [SOD], and catalase), inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-alpha [TNF-α] and interleukin-1 beta [IL-1β]), and kidney function parameters, including blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine, albumin, and cystatin C. Results: Administration of D-galactose significantly increased the concentrations of advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines, while significantly impairing kidney function compared with the control group. Omega-3 supplementation significantly reduced the levels of advanced glycation end products, oxidative stress markers, and inflammatory cytokines, and improved kidney function parameters. Furthermore, concurrent administration of omega-3 with D-galactose (T2) produced greater protective effects than delayed omega-3 treatment (T3A). Conclusion: D-galactose-induced aging resulted in marked oxidative stress, inflammation, and renal dysfunction in rabbits. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids effectively attenuated these adverse effects through their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, with concurrent supplementation providing greater protection than delayed treatment. These findings suggest that omega-3 supplementation may represent a promising preventive strategy against age-related renal dysfunction.
Aging, D-galactose, omega-3 fatty acids, oxidative stress, renal dysfunction.
Hepatoprotective Effect of ginseng alcoholic Extract Against Ibuprofen -Induced Hepatotoxicity in Male Rats
Background and Objective: Panax ginseng is a cornerstone of traditional Oriental medicine, renowned for its pharmacologically active ginsenosides, which possess potent antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties. The present study evaluated the Hepatoprotective efficacy of an alcoholic root extract of P. ginseng against ibuprofen-induced liver injury in an experimental rat model. Methods: Histopathological analyses were performed to evaluate the Hepatoprotective efficacy of an alcoholic root extract of P. ginseng against ibuprofen-induced liver injury in an experimental rat model. Results: Histopathological analyses demonstrated that ibuprofen administration caused severe hepatic damage characterized by vacuolar degeneration, coagulative necrosis, and sinusoidal congestion, while co-treatment with ginseng extract produced amelioration of these pathological changes. Remarkably, the optimal dose of ginseng extract resulted in near-complete restoration of hepatic architecture, reduction of necrotic foci, and resolution of inflammatory infiltrates. Conclusions: These findings provide compelling evidence that P. ginseng exerts significant protective and regenerative effects against NSAID-induced hepatotoxicity, most likely mediated through its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, and suggest its potential as a promising adjuvant therapeutic agent in drug-induced liver disorders.
Panax ginseng, Ibuprofen, Liver, kupffer cells, Rats.
Isolation and Identification of Pathogenic Fungi from Domestic Chicken Droppings in Diyala Province, Iraq
Background and Objective: Some of significant zoonotic fungal pathogens are associated with birds, especially poultry. The purpose of this study was to isolate and identify pathogenic yeast and fungi strains from domestic chicken feces in different locations in Diyala Governorate. Methods: Fresh fecal and fecal mixed with soil samples were obtained at random from different surrounding environments, such as cages, and residential coops. Specimens were collected with swabs or with labeled plastic spoons using sterile techniques, yielding a total of 50 samples. The Mycology Laboratory, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Diyala performed processing and microbiological analysis. For yeasts isolation, the samples were cultured on SDA. Fungal species were identified using morphological and microscopic analyses. Results: Each of the 50 samples tested positive, with the following distribution: Candida spp.: 30 isolates (60%). Rhodotorula spp.: 5 isolates (10%). Cryptococcus spp.: 3 isolates (6%). Filamentous fungi: 12 isolates (24% of cases). Aspergillus species: 10 isolates (20%) including 7 isolates of A. niger and 3 of A. flavus. Rhizopus spp.: 2 isolates (4%). Conclusions: These data suggest the relevance of poultry excreta as reservoirs of potential pathogenic fungi for human infections. Additional research is needed to evaluate related public health risks.
Fungal, Yeast, Chicken, Droppings, Candida spp.
Morphological and Histological Changes in The Liver of Male Rats Induced by Fluoride
Background and objective: Roughly the half to two-thirds of the world population using public water systems contains added fluoride, aimed at preventing caries. Nevertheless, although its hepatic toxicity has been documented with rich documentations, research on sodium fluoride is still scanty. The purpose of this investigation was to study the effects of fluoride mostly on sodium fluoride on liver morphology and histology. Method: The experiment was done in male Rattus norvegicus which were orally treated by fluoride salts (40mg/kg body weight) for a period of six weeks. Changes in body weight, liver weight, and liver structure were observed as a result of sodium fluoride administration. Results: The livers from treated rats were swollen; had rounded edges and white elevation lesions on caudal surfaces and viscerally surfaces. Histologically, there were alterations in liver lobules seen in exposed rats’ livers that involved congestion of central vein, narrowing of blood sinusoids within the portal triad and increased collagen fiber accumulation. This suggests that these animals have an increased risk for future hepatic injury after exposure to fluoride. The following study can thus be part of the fueling investigations into issues of liver toxicity linked to sodium fluoride alongside other established causes of this condition. Conclusion: The weight of the body and liver was suffering from the alternation when the animals administrated the sodium chloride. Swollen lesion can observed on the liver surface, the central vein within lobules of the exposed rats’ livers was congested, narrowing of blood sinusoids within the portal triad and increased collagen fiber.
A Histopathological and Immunohistochemical Study in the Lung of Clinical Normal guinea pigs
Background and Objective: The emergence of respiratory diseases in mammals is closely linked to good management, as the focus of disease diagnosis is limited to cases where clear clinical symptoms are not present, with the aim of prevention and eradication without treatment. Rats, followed by guinea pigs, are among the small mammals most commonly affected by respiratory problems. This study aimed to identify the macroscopic and microscopic lesions of the guinea pig lung. Methods: Naturally, the study included the use of ten animals of both sexes were obtained from Sinjar district , aged between 1-1.5 years, weighing between 1-2 kg, and measuring 20-25 cm in length. After performing the autopsy, the lung was extracted and examined macroscopically. Results: The lung consists of two adjacent lungs separated by the mediastinum. The right lung was larger than the left lung and occupied a large space in the thoracic cavity. The relative lung weight results did not show a significant difference between males and females, exception of one male, where the percentage of lung weight was (2.1%).The macroscopic changes included hemorrhage and pulmonary sclerosis in the right , left cranial and in the caudal lobe of lung. Different types of microscopic lesions were identified represented by massive infiltration of inflammatory cell ,haemorrhage ,proteinases exudate inside the bronchus, enlargement of hyaline cartilage and chondrocytes, fibrosis of the surrounding stroma, loss of the alveolar architectures , presences of edema, necrosis, fatty changes, variable stage of parasites infestation inside lung tissue.Nonetheless, CD65 were used to target lesions of guinea pigs, Conclusions: the results intermediated between high dark ,dark and light brown expression. These results indicated that guinea pigs can exhibit microscopic finding and CD65exhibited the various degree of intensity expression in the absence of respiratory system damage.
CD65, guinea pigs, light brown expression, parasites. infestation.
Sustained Bioactivity of Nano-Encapsulated Chitosan-Collagen Hydrogel: Physicochemical Stability and In Vivo Retention in Rabbit Model
Background and Objective: In regenerative medicine, nano-based biomaterials are at the vanguard and have been doing incredibly well, particularly for scaffold creation and localized drug delivery. Chitosan and collagen, as two natural biocompatible polymers, have also been synergistically used in wound healing experiences with their structural, anti-inflammatory and bioactive characteristics. Methods: In the present study an efficient Nano-Encapsulated Chitosan-Collagen Hydrogel (NECCH) been synthesized and mediated through gelation using tripolyphosphate (TPP) as a crosslinker, and further proved its physicochemical stability and bioactivity through various spectroscopic methods which are, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), UV-Visible Spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), and High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) methods of analysis. Results: In vivo implantation of NECCH in a rabbit Achilles tendon injury model revealed that NECCH showed retention and structural integrity at the implantation site for at least 14 days, as evidenced by the continued presence of HPLC signals for both chitosan and collagen. These results support the potential of the hydrogel to be administered as a single dose for long-term treatment, avoiding repeated administration. Conclusions: The dual role of NECCH, as mechanical support and biological stimulation, indicates that NECCH is a strong candidate for further in-vivo studies towards its clinical application in tissue-engineering and wound healing.
chitosan, collagen, HPLC, nano-encapsulation, tissue engineering
A Comparative Morphological and Histological Study of the Tongue between African grey parrot and the black crow (Corvus capensis)
Background and Objective: Studying the anatomy and histology of bird tongues is very important for figuring out how different birds feed and how their bodies change. This study aimed to investigate and compare the morphological and histological changes associated with the distinct ecological roles and dietary preferences of two avian species: The African grey parrot and the black crow (Corvus capensis). Methods: This study included a comparative analysis including ten parrots and ten black crows. Results: After death, the tongues of both species were carefully collected and examined for anatomical and histological purposes. From an anatomical point of view, the tongues had different shapes. The tongue of a parrot is short, thick, and strong, and it is formed of keratin. The tongues of crows were not as keratinized, wider, or narrower than normal. The histology study says that the parrot's tongue contains a lot of diverse taste buds, a complicated and flexible internal musculature, elastic connective tissue, and a strong, keratinized mucosal epithelium. The tongues of crows have a more delicate epithelium, a simpler muscle structure, thinner and more flexible connective tissue, and no taste buds. Conclusions: The study shows that the structural changes found in both groups are in line with how they eat and what they like to consume.
Tongue, African grey parrot, Black crow, Morphology, Histology.
Effect of melatonin receptor gene polymorphism in body weight and dimension born local goats
Background this study was conducted on a sample of (42) pregnant local goats in the animal field of the Animal Production Department / College of Agriculture / University of Diyala for the period from (12/10/2024) to (10/2/2025). Methods: The study aimed to extract genetic material (DNA), determine the Genotype of the melatonin receptor gene MTNR1A and its relationship to the growth characteristics of mothers and newborns. The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) technique was used, as the results of molecular analysis of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) product showed the emergence of four genetic variations within Studied region. The first SNP is T22927C (TT=29, TC=3, CC=4), the second variation is G23011A GG=29), GA=5, AA=2), the third variation is C23195T CT=22), CT=12, TT=2), and the fourth variation is C23195T CT=22, CT=12, TT=2. A23362C (CC=19, AC=14, AA=3). Results: the results of the current study showed significant differences in the studied variations in the weights of the newborns and the body dimensions of the newborns as well as the mother, where the genetic variation G23011A had a significant difference in the abdominal circumference of the mother, where the genotype AA was superior to the genotypes GG and GA, but as for the weight and length of the mother’s body, the height of the forelock and the height of the rear, as well as the girth heart circumference, there were no significant differences, as for the genetic variations T22927C, (C23195T), and (A23362C), there were no significant differences in the weight and length of the mother’s body, the height of the forelock and the rear, as well as the chest and abdominal circumference. Regarding the birth weaning weight and body dimensions of the newborns Conclusions: The A23362C SNP had a significant effect on chest and abdominal circumferences of the newborns at weaning, with the AC genotype outperforming the CC and AA genotypes. No significant differences were found for the C23195T SNP in terms of birth and weaning weight and body dimensions of the newborn significant differences were found for the A23362C SNP in terms of weaning weight and body dimensions.
Preparation and characterization of nanoemulsion prepared and loaded with Hypericum perforatum extract (St. John’s Wort)
Background: Nanoemulsions, also known as nanometric-sized emulsions, are fine water-in-oil (w/o) and oil-in-water (o/w) dispersions of two immiscible fluids, as opposed to the milky-white hue concomitant with coarse dispersion. The current study aimed to prepare and characterize a noanoemulsion loaded with Hypericum perforatum extract using different phytochemical techniques. Also evaluate the effect of nanoformulation on particle size distribution, physical properties, and herbal extract stability. Methods: Dried Hypericum perforatum (St. John's Wort) plants were obtained and extracted and studied its phytochemical compounds were studied by using High – Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC), then the nanoemulsion of Hypericum perforatum was prepared. The Characterization of nano emulsion and plant extract was performed by using X-ray Diffraction (XRD), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) and Surface Potential Analysis (Zeta Potential Analysis). Results: Zeta potential values obtained were −1.3, −1, and −1.1 mV. The FTIR examination of the nanoemulsion showed multiple absorption peaks, indicating functional groups and bioactive chemicals. A board peak (3390 cm-1) indicates (O-H) stretching vibrations, confirming phenolic compounds and alcohol groups. Peaks at 2924 and 2857 cm-1 from (C-H) stretching of aliphatic chains showed lipids in nanoemulsion. Esters from fatty acids were confirmed by significant absorption bands at 1734cm-1, indicating C-O stretching. Peaks at 1647cm-1 (C-C stretching of aromatic compounds), 1400-1500cm-1 (aromatic rings), and 1100-1040cm-1 (alcohol and ether C-O stretching) were also examined. Examination using the transmission electron microscope showed that the nanoparticles emulsion formed from the plant extract ranged in diameter from 100–200 nm and were of a regular spherical shape. X-ray diffraction analysis of the nanoemulsion showed distinct peaks at 2θ angles ≈ 22.9° with d- spacing of 3.87°. Infrared spectra analysis of Hypericum perforatum displayed several absorption peaks. The intense and broad band was 3500-3300 cm-1 which corresponds (O-H) stretching vibration and indicates phenolic and flavonoid compounds. The predominant constituent in the plant extract was hyperforin with (5.772 min) retention time and significant peaks (20003.378). The other component was hypericin which was investigated with retention time (8.988) and peak amount (1000.276); it was present in lower concentrations than hyperforin Conclusion: The study synthesized and characterized successfully nanoemulsion loaded Hypericum perforatum extract. The nanoemulsion development was confirmed by several tests, SEM, XRD, FTIR and zeta potential which confirmed that nanoemulsion encapsulated with preserved bioactive compounds. The study concluded that nanoemulsion improved plant extract phytoconstituent stability, suggesting new herbal formulation and pharmacological application.
Nanoemulsions, Hypericum perforatum, HPLC, FTIR.
Morphological Variability and Molecular Studies of Argulus japonicus from Cyprinus carpio in Sulaymaniyah Province
Background and Objective: Argulus japonicus is an important ectoparasitic crustacean that causes significant health and economic problems in freshwater aquaculture. This study aimed to determine the prevalence and provide morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular characterization of A. japonicus infecting common carp (Cyprinus carpio) in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq. Material and methods: A total of 174 fish samples were collected between June 2021 and May 2022. The skin, fins, and gills were examined for A. japonicus infestation. Parasites were identified using light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Genomic DNA was extracted, and the nuclear 28S rDNA gene was amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequenced. The obtained sequences were compared with those available in GenBank, and phylogenetic analysis was performed. Results: A. japonicus was detected with an overall prevalence of 8.62%. Morphological and ultrastructural analyses differentiated the adult male and female parasites and identified the metanauplius larval stage. The presence of claspers at the base of the swimming appendages and branched dorsal ridges represented key diagnostic characteristics for the identification of A. japonicus. Molecular analysis of the 28S rDNA gene showed 99–100% sequence identity with reference sequences available in GenBank, confirming species identity. The obtained sequences were deposited in GenBank, and phylogenetic analysis demonstrated close genetic relationships with previously reported A. japonicus isolates. Conclusion: This study provides the first comprehensive morphological, ultrastructural, and molecular characterization of A. japonicus infecting C. carpio in Iraq. It also represents the first record of A. japonicus in common carp from the Kurdistan Region, expanding the known geographical distribution of this economically important parasite and providing valuable baseline data for future taxonomic and epidemiological studies.
Argulus japonicus, SEM, 28SrDNA, new record.
Assessment of Serum Concentrations of IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α in Cattle Infected with Trypanosomiasis
Background and aim: Bovine Trypanosomiasis, caused by Trypanosoma spp., is an economically important parasitic disease that adversely affects cattle health and productivity in tropical and subtropical regions. The host cytokine response is a key determinant of disease progression and severity. This study aimed to evaluate the serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α in naturally infected cattle and determine their association with bovine Trypanosomiasis in Diyala Province, Iraq. Materials and Methods: A total of 550 cattle were screened for Trypanosoma spp. infection by microscopic examination, and 43 animals were identified as infected. Serum samples from 40 infected cattle were analyzed for IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Cytokine prevalence and serum concentrations were statistically analyzed, with significance set at p < 0.001. Results: The prevalence of Trypanosoma spp. infection was 7.8% (43/550). Positive cytokine expression was detected in 70.0% of cattle for IL-4, 87.5% for IL-6, and 82.5% for TNF-α. Serum concentrations of all three cytokines were significantly higher in infected cattle than in non-infected controls (p < 0.001), indicating a strong association between cytokine response and infection. Conclusions: Serum levels of IL-4, IL-6, and TNF-α were significantly elevated in cattle with bovine Trypanosomiasis, indicating their important role in the host immune response. IL-6 showed the strongest diagnostic potential, while TNF-α and IL-4 reflected inflammatory and immune regulatory responses. These cytokines may serve as useful biomarkers for disease diagnosis and monitoring.
bovine Trypanosomiasis; Trypanosoma; interleukin‑6; tumor necrosis factor‑α; interleukin‑4; ELISA; cytokine biomarkers.
The protective role of Quercetin in Mitigating MSG-induced nephrotoxicity and TNF-α in Male Albino Rats
Background and Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of quercetin against monosodium glutamate (MSG)-induced nephrotoxicity and oxidative stress in male albino rats. Methods: The experiment was conducted in the Animal House of the Department of Life Sciences, College of Education for Pure Sciences, University of Anbar. Twenty adult male Sprague-Dawley rats (3–4 months old, weighing 200–250 g) were randomly assigned into four groups (n = 5). The control group received distilled water (5 mL/kg), the second group received quercetin (100 mg/kg), the third group received MSG (15 mg/kg), and the fourth group received MSG (15 mg/kg) followed by quercetin (100 mg/kg). All treatments were administered orally for 30 days. At the end of the experiment, serum urea and creatinine were measured to assess renal function, while malondialdehyde (MDA), total antioxidant capacity (T-AOC), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were evaluated as indicators of oxidative stress and inflammation. Results: MSG administration significantly increased (P ≤ 0.05) serum urea and creatinine levels, MDA concentration, and TNF-α levels, while significantly reducing T-AOC compared with the control group. In contrast, rats treated with quercetin following MSG exposure showed a significant reduction (P ≤ 0.05) in urea, creatinine, MDA, and TNF-α levels, accompanied by a significant increase in T-AOC compared with the MSG-treated group. Conclusions: Quercetin effectively attenuated MSG-induced renal dysfunction, oxidative stress, and inflammatory responses in male rats. These findings suggest that quercetin possesses Reno protective and antioxidant properties and may serve as a promising natural adjunct for reducing kidney toxicity associated with MSG exposure.
Quercetin; Monosodium Glutamate (MSG) ; Oxidative stress, Inflammation ; Nephrotoxicity.
Molecular Conformation of the Equine Redworm, in the large intestine (Strongylus equinus) in Iraq
Background and amis: Large strongyles (large redworms) are the most important gastrointestinal parasites of equids, commonly inhabiting the large intestine and causing various clinical manifestations that may lead to severe disease and death. This study aimed to confirm the natural infection of Strongylus equinus in horses and donkeys in Baghdad, Iraq, through morphological and molecular characterization. Materials and Methods: Samples were collected from necropsied animals during the study period from December 2024, to May, 2025. A total of 65 equids, including horses and donkeys, were examined. Adult parasitic worms were carefully recovered during post-mortem examination and initially identified by to morphological characteristics, particularly buccal capsule. Molecular identification was subsequently performed using (ITS-2) sequence analysis. Results: The prevalence of Strongylus equinus represented 1% of the total Strongylinae infections. Recovered specimens were morphologically identified as S. equinus. Molecular characterization confirmed species was identity despite the limited availability of S. equinus sequence data in GenBank. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the study isolates clustered within the primary clade alongside S. equinus (X77808.1) from Australia, Strongylus asini, and Strongylus edentatus isolates from China. The obtained S. equinus sequences were submitted to GenBank under accession numbers PX442255, PX442256, PX442257, and PX442258. Conclusion: The integration of morphological and molecular identification of adult worms provides reliable species-level diagnosis of S. equinus infection in equids, and facilitate possibility of detecting species by eggs and other larval stage.
Necropsy, Strongylinae, ITS2, phylogenetic tree, Baghdad
Evaluation the levels of some immune parameters in rats infected with a parasite Enterobius vermicularis that treated with gold nanoparticles , neem extract, and albendazole
Background and Objective:Enterobius vermicularis also known as pinworm, is the most common a parasitic worm infections in the world, with most cases among children.The current study aimed to demonstrate the levels of some immunological parameters in rats infected with pinworm Enterobius vermicularis and the effect of treatment with two concentrations of gold particles (1.5% and 2%), neem extract, neem extract with gold particles and albendazole treatment on those parameters. Methods: A total of 640 stool samples were collected from patients attending Tikrit Hospital and private laboratories in Tikrit city, for the period from January to October 2024. The rats were divided into five groups included: Negative control: uninfected, positive control: Infected without treatment, positive control: Infected with treatment, Immunized ( injected with 1 ml of attenuated egg vaccine) infected and treated and negative control rats (treatment group only). Results: The different concentrations of gold nanoparticles, the loaded nanocomposite, neem extract, and medical treatment demonstrated effect on the levels of immune parameters in the treated groups compared to the infected group without treatment. In infected rats without treatment, a significant increase was found in the concentrations of transforming growth factor beta with a mean value 371.8 pg/ml and interleukin-8 with a mean value 288.8 pg/ml at a significant level (P≤0.01), while a significant decrease was found in the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha with a mean value 18.3 pg/ml and interleukin-12 with a mean value 9.65 pg/ml at a significant level (P≤0.01). Meanwhile, histamine levels among the groups were within the normal range at a significant level (P≤0.05). No significant changes were observed in those parameters of other treated groups , which remain within normal values. Conclusion: Infection of laboratory rats with Enterobius vermicularis revealed a significant increases in the both concentrations of transforming growth factor beta and interleukin-8 at a significant level (P≤0.01), while a significant decreases were found in the concentrations of tumor necrosis factor alpha and interleukin-12 at a significant level (P≤0.01). Meanwhile, histamine levels among the groups were within the normal range at a significant level (P≤0.05).
Neem extract, E. vermicularis, gold nanoparticles, immune and immune parameters.
Revealing the effect of bromelain and donepezil against scopolamine-induced behavioral and histological changes in the brain
Background & aim: Alzheimer’s disease is a progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory impairment and cognitive dysfunction. Scopolamine is commonly used to induce Alzheimer’s-like changes in experimental animals. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the protective effects of bromelain and donepezil against scopolamine-induced behavioral and histopathological alterations in the brain of adult female rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-five adult female rats aged 10–12 weeks and weighing 181–204 g were used in this study. The experiment was conducted at the Animal House, College of Veterinary Medicine, Tikrit University, from August 29 to September 11, 2024. The rats were randomly divided into five groups. The control group received normal saline for 14 days. The scopolamine group received 0.02 mg/kg intraperitoneally from days 8–14. The remaining groups were pretreated with bromelain for 7 days, followed by concurrent administration of scopolamine with donepezil, bromelain, or their combination during days 8–14. Results: Behavioral assessment using the T-maze test demonstrated that scopolamine-treated rats exhibited marked cognitive impairment and reduced exploratory behavior. In contrast, rats treated with bromelain and/or donepezil showed significant improvement in maze performance, exploratory activity, and cognitive function, with the combination-treated group exhibiting the greatest improvement. Histological examination of the scopolamine group revealed severe neuronal degeneration, large cavities in the brain medulla, hyperplastic glial cells, vascular congestion, vacuolation, and inflammatory cell infiltration. Treatment with bromelain or donepezil markedly preserved neuronal architecture, reduced vacuolar degeneration and inflammatory infiltration, and restored the normal organization of the pyramidal cell layers. The combined treatment produced the most pronounced histological improvement. Conclusions: It is concluded that bromelain exerts a neuroprotective effect against scopolamine-induced behavioral and histopathological changes. Bromelain, particularly when combined with donepezil, improves cognitive performance, preserves brain tissue integrity, and reduces neuronal degeneration and inflammatory responses, suggesting its potential as an adjunctive therapeutic agent for Alzheimer ‘disease.
bromelain, brain, scopolamine, Alzheimer’s disease.
Effects of Monoculture and Polyculture Systems on Common Carp (Cyprinus carpio) Growth and Health in Earthen Culture Ponds
Background and Objective: in Iraq, freshwater aquaculture is mostly practiced in earthen ponds, where farmers use a traditional rearing method of producing Cyprinus carpio in monoculture. Therefore, the primary goal of this study is to evaluate the growth patterns and some health-related characteristics of common carp in both monoculture and polyculture systems to assist fish farmers in increasing their production. Material and methods: Six earthen ponds (2500 m²) at a private ‎fish farm were used as the site of the 6-month experiment. Three ponds were used to stock 1300 common carp (initial body weight of 35 ‎‎± 5 g) in monoculture, while the other three ponds were used for cultivating 1000 common carp, ‎‎150 grass carp, and 150 silver carp in polyculture. An artificial pelleted diet was given to common carp. Every month, measurements were taken ‎from each of the fish and rearing ponds for important water quality parameters, growth, feed ‎conversion ratio, and determining some biological and health parameters. Results: The findings showed ‎that the water quality parameters (water temperature ‎22 to 30.1°C‎, dissolved oxygen ‎5 ‎to 6.9 mg/l‎, and pH‎ 7.2 to 7.7‎), were ‎all within the range that was appropriate for fish farming. When compared to monoculture, the common carp in polyculture had better weight gain, daily weight gain, and specific growth rate ‎ (2400 g, ‎‎13.33 g, and 2.35, respectively). Additionally, common ‎carp in polyculture showed a higher feed conversion ratio (1.57). Furthermore, the survival rate of the polyculture ‎is greater than that of the monoculture. The hepatic somatic index and condition factor, however, ‎did not show any significant effects. Conclusion : In conclusion, common carp raised in a ‎polyculture system with silver carp and grass carp increase in growth and survival rates without ‎affecting their general health.‎
Feed Utilization, Grass Carp, Silver Carp, Survival, Weight Gain
Molecular characterization of virulence genes (ply) in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolated from humans
Background & aim: The present study aimed to detect the pneumolysin (ply) virulence gene in Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates obtained from human clinical samples. Materials and Methods: A total of 50 isolates were collected from patients suffering from respiratory tract infections between November and February at Tikrit Teaching Hospital and Al-Tawfiq Private Hospital, Iraq. Blood agar was used for the cultivation of isolates, and identification was performed using the VITEK 2 system. Molecular detection of the ply gene was carried out by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Results: The results of the present study showed that 35 out of 50 isolates (70%) were positive for the ply gene, indicating a high prevalence of this virulence factor among local pneumococcal strains. Conclusions: These findings emphasize the importance of molecular methods for the rapid diagnosis and surveillance of virulent Streptococcus pneumoniae strains in clinical settings.
Pathogenicity, PCR, Pneumolysin, pneumonia, Streptococcus, Virulence factors
Histopathological changes of the small intestine using a standard dose of copper sulfate in rats (feed supplement dose)
Background & aim: Data from human studies indicate that gastrointestinal symptoms may occur due to consuming beverages or drinking water containing high levels of copper. Therefore, the current study aimed to determine the histological effects of copper sulfate on the small intestine tissue structures. Materials and Methods: Forty-five rats were used for the current study. They were divided into two main groups: the control group and the copper sulfate group. The rats were given 8 mg/kg B.W./day of a copper sulfate solution dissolved in distilled water. Results: Histological examination of copper sulfate groups shows that the mucosa of the small intestine contains short villi on its surface, degeneration of simple columnar epithelial cells, and their scarcity, with a large number of mucosal cells and droplets. The core of the villi contains massive infiltration of white blood cells extending to the bases of the villi. The basal plate of the small intestine contains intestinal glands with degeneration of main cells and mucus droplets of different sizes, along with white blood cells between the glands. The area between smooth muscle fibers contains degenerated ganglionic nerve cells. Thickening of the surface of the villi includes large numbers of mucus droplets from goblet cells and loss of epithelial cells. The core of the villi contained white blood cells spread to the basal lamina around apparent intestinal glands, with residual cells. There was a disintegration of the interstitial tissue between the glands in the basal lamina. Conclusions: It is concluded that copper sulfate has very harmful effects on intestinal tissues, including the degeneration of simple columnar epithelial cells, with the presence of mucus droplets of different sizes and the appearance of white blood cells between the glands.
Study of the inhibitory effect of cinnamon oil extract on Pseudomonas putida isolated from cattle respiratory infection
Background and aim: Pseudomonas putida is a non-capsulated, rod-shaped, oxidative, gram-negative Bacterium. The aim of the study was to isolate the pathogenic P. putida from a cow with respiratory infection and to evaluate pharmacodynamics indices of cinnamon oil against isolated bacteria in order to determine its the in vitro antibacterial efficacy for the first time in Iraq. Materials and methods: divided into two parts: first part involved the isolation and identification of pathogenic P. putida from cow with respiratory infection, swab samples were cultured on different media and examined microscopically. Results: The isolates were identified based on the production of pyoverdine dye on nutrient agar, beta-hemolysis on blood agar and pale-mucoid on MacConkey agar, the identification was further confirmed using the VITEK 2 system. The second part evaluated the in vitro antibacterial activity of cinnamon oil against bacterium, the minimum inhibitory concentration was about (0.5 mg/mL) and minimum bactericidal concentration was approximately (0.1 mg/L), the sensitivity test demonstrated increasing inhibition zones with higher concentration of extract. Time-kill experiments revealed a complete lysis after 60 minutes, while 50% of bacterial cells were lysed with 10 minutes at 4× MIC. Conclusions: intracellular components were released in a concentration- and time-dependent manner by UV spectrophotometry indicating membrane disruption.
Pseudomonas puti VITEK 2, Cinnamon oil,Minimum inhibitory concentration, Sensitivity test.
Prevalence study of Giardia among domestic dogs in Baghdad city
The objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Giardia among domestic dogs in Baghdad city, using three diagnostic methods; namely direct fecal examination, Card Agglutination Test and Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay (ELISA). A total of 200 fecal samples were collected from domestic dogs during from from October 2024 to February 2025. The total prevalence of Giardiasis was 18%, 20.5% and 24.5% using microscopy, card agglutination and ELISA methods as well. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the rate of infection for female and male dogs; however, a significantly higher (P < 0.01) prevalence was found among puppies (<6 months) compared with older dogs (between 6 months-2 years). The highest prevalence was recorded in February (37.5%, 35%, and 45% for the three diagnostic methods) with the lowest being in November (7.5%, 2.5%, and 12.5%). In summary, the relatively high prevalence of Giardiasis in domestic dogs poses a significant public health risk. As a result, it is highly recommended to apply regular diagnostic testing programs in house dogs for minimizing possible risk of zoonotic transmission in Baghdad city.
داء الجيارديا، مجهريا ،الفحوصات المناعية، الكلاب
Histomorphology and histochemical study of the spleen in postnatal puppies
Background and aim: The spleen is an immune organs the main function have been attributed to the spleen it stores and concentrates erythrocytes and releases them when need ,it filterated the blood and remove worn out erythrocyte from circulation .the study aims to identify the morphometries of the postnatal' spleen in dogs and to add information about the spleen of puppies to the data in clinical and academic examinations. Materials and Methods: Nine puppies were taken after birth and dissected after euthanasia.These puppies were divided into two groups: the first group for macroscopic study and the second group for microscopic Results: The macroscopic results revealed that the spleen in puppies is situated beneath the diaphragm on the left side. The spleen was oblong, crescent-shaped, reddish-brown in color, related to the jejunum ventrally, the liver and stomach dorsally, and the abdominal wall laterally and had two surfaces. The microscopic result in the postnatal spleen, surrounded by a thin capsule, extended the trabeculae to stroma and became thick near to hilus. The parenchyma of the spleen consists of an aggregation of lymphoid cells around the arterioles while the red pulp consists of the cord of sinuses lined by endothelium cells. Conclusions: no demarcated structure of the spleen between the three weeks of age.
Macroscopic and Histopathological Evaluation of Bioactive Glass–Acacia Gum Composite for Repairing Critical Radial Bone Defects in Rabbits
This study assessed the regenerative potential of a bioactive glass–acacia gum composite for repairing critical-sized radial bone defects in rabbits. Under general anaesthesia, a 10mm segmental defect was created in the distal radius. Over 12 weeks macroscopical examination showed proper implant integration in the treated group, with no signs of infection or rejection, while control animals exhibited persistent fibrous tissue and non-union. Histopathologically, the treated group showed early hyaline cartilage and trabecular bone formation with continued ossification and reduced inflammation due to the acacia gum additive which minimized inflammatory response and controlled bioactive glass degradation. In contrast the control group does not heal spontaneously and remains filled with fibrous connective tissue. These results demonstrate that the BG–acacia composite reflecting both osteoconductive and anti-inflammatory properties of the implant and supports reliable bone regeneration and may serve as a promising implant in critical defect repair.
Acacia Gum, Bioactive Glass, Bone Defects, Rabbits, Tissue Engineering